BiologyQ&A by dot point

Construct an explanation of how cell structures and organelles (nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria) interact as a system to maintain homeostasis (GSE SB1.a).

Determine the role of cellular transport (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport) across the selectively permeable membrane in maintaining homeostasis (GSE SB1.d).

Explain how enzymes (a type of protein) lower activation energy and carry out cellular processes, and how temperature, pH, and substrate fit affect enzyme activity (GSE SB1.c).

Explain the roles of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in the cycling of matter and the flow of energy, including their reactants, products, and how the two processes connect (GSE SB1.e).

Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, including the presence or absence of a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, and explain the advantage of cellular compartmentalization (GSE SB1.a).

Relate the structure of the four macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids), their monomers, and their functions in carrying out cellular processes (GSE SB1.c).

Evaluate the factors that affect biodiversity and the stability of ecosystems, including keystone species, the effects of removing species, and symbiotic relationships (GSE SB5.c).

Analyze the cycling of matter through ecosystems, including the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles, and the roles of photosynthesis, respiration, and decomposers (GSE SB5.b).

Analyze the flow of energy through ecosystems using food chains, food webs, and energy pyramids, including the roles of producers, consumers, and decomposers and the ten percent rule (GSE SB5.b).

Predict the impact of environmental change on the stability of an ecosystem, including ecological succession (primary and secondary) and the effects of natural and human-induced disturbances (GSE SB5.d).

Evaluate the impact of human activities on ecosystems (habitat destruction, pollution, invasive species, climate change) and design solutions to reduce that impact (GSE SB5.c, SB5.e).

Analyze data on population growth, including exponential and logistic growth, carrying capacity, and limiting factors (density-dependent and density-independent) (GSE SB5.a).

Construct an argument using valid and reliable sources to support the claim that evidence from comparative morphology (analogous vs. homologous structures), embryology, biochemistry, and genetics supports common descent (GSE SB6.c).

Develop and use mathematical models to support explanations of how undirected genetic changes, including genetic drift and gene flow, alongside natural selection, lead to changes in populations of organisms (GSE SB6.d).

Use mathematical and conceptual models to explain how natural selection acts on heritable variation to change the traits of a population over generations (GSE SB6.d).

Analyze and interpret data to explain patterns in biodiversity that result from speciation, and develop a model to explain how natural selection causes biological resistance such as pesticide and antibiotic resistance (GSE SB6.b, SB6.e).

Construct an explanation of how new understandings of Earth's history, the emergence of new species from pre-existing species, and our understanding of genetics have influenced our understanding of biology (GSE SB6.a).

Use mathematical models to predict and explain patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance, including incomplete dominance, codominance, and multiple alleles (such as ABO blood type) (GSE SB3.b).

Explain the role of meiosis in producing gametes and in generating genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment (GSE SB3.a).

Use Mendel's laws of segregation and independent assortment, with Punnett squares, to predict the genotype and phenotype ratios and probabilities of monohybrid crosses (GSE SB3.b).

Analyze pedigrees to determine patterns of inheritance, and explain sex-linked inheritance, including why X-linked recessive traits appear more often in males (GSE SB3.b).

Compare the advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction, relating genetic variation to survival in stable versus changing environments (GSE SB3.c).

Describe the uses and ethical considerations of biotechnology in forensics, medicine, and agriculture, including genetic engineering, GMOs, gene therapy, cloning, and DNA fingerprinting (GSE SB2.c).

Describe the structure of DNA and RNA, including the double helix, nucleotides, and complementary base pairing, and compare DNA and RNA (GSE SB2.a).

Explain the process of DNA replication, including its semiconservative nature, the role of complementary base pairing, and why accurate copying matters (GSE SB2.a).

Construct an argument that mutations (changes in DNA sequence and chromosomal alterations) may result in phenotypic variation, and classify gene mutations as beneficial, harmful, or neutral (GSE SB2.b).

Explain how genetic information is expressed through transcription (DNA to mRNA) and translation (mRNA to protein), including the roles of mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, codons, and the genetic code (GSE SB2.a).

Illustrate the organization of interacting systems in multicellular organisms and explain how they maintain homeostasis through feedback, including the levels of organization from cells to organ systems (GSE SB4.a).

Analyze and interpret cladograms and phylogenetic trees based on shared derived characteristics and common ancestry to determine relationships among groups of organisms (GSE SB4.b).

Explain how organisms are classified using the three domains, the levels of taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature, based on shared characteristics and common ancestry (GSE SB4.a, SB4.b).

Explain the cell cycle, including interphase and mitosis (PMAT), the role of mitosis and binary fission in growth and reproduction, and how loss of cell-cycle control leads to cancer (GSE SB1.b).

Compare viruses with living organisms, including their structure and reproduction, and evaluate whether viruses meet the criteria for life (GSE SB4.c).