What does Module 6 of the Global II exam cover?

Module 6 covers Framework Key Idea 10.10: globalization and economic interdependence, technological and scientific change (the communication revolution, the Green Revolution, and medicine), human rights as a global issue, contemporary global challenges (the environment, terrorism, population, and migration), modernization and the role of developing nations (the Non-Aligned Movement and newly industrializing economies), and how to write the Part III Enduring Issues Essay.

What is globalization?

Globalization is the growing interconnection and interdependence of the world's economies, societies, and cultures through trade, multinational corporations, technology, and the movement of goods, money, people, and ideas. It is driven by expanding trade, multinational corporations, and international organizations such as the WTO, IMF, and World Bank. It brings benefits (cheaper goods, growth, development) and costs (job losses, inequality, environmental strain).

Why are human rights an enduring issue?

After World War II the United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), setting out rights for all people. Movements such as the civil-rights movement and the anti-apartheid movement advanced rights, but discrimination and abuse continue worldwide. Because the struggle to secure and protect rights against discrimination recurs across many eras (abolition, suffrage, civil rights, anti-apartheid) and is never fully won, human rights are an enduring issue.

What are the major contemporary global challenges?

They include environmental change and human impact (climate change from fossil fuels and deforestation), terrorism and conflict, and population growth and migration. Because these problems cross national borders, they require international cooperation through organizations like the United Nations and through international agreements, since no single nation can solve them alone.

How do I write the Enduring Issues Essay?

Identify and define one enduring issue raised in at least three of the five documents (such as power, conflict, inequality, human rights, the impact of ideas, technology, or the environment). Then argue that the issue is significant and has endured, by showing how it has affected people and how it has continued or changed over time, using specific evidence from at least three documents plus relevant outside knowledge. Structure it with an introduction (name and define the issue), body paragraphs (trace it across eras with evidence), and a conclusion. It is scored 0 to 5.

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NY Regents Global History and Geography II Module 6: a complete overview of globalization, technology, human rights, contemporary challenges, and the Enduring Issues Essay

A deep-dive guide to Module 6 of the NY Global History and Geography II Regents: globalization and economic interdependence, technology and the modern world, human rights, contemporary global challenges, modernization and the non-aligned world, and how to write the Enduring Issues Essay, with the patterns NYSED repeats.

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What Module 6 actually demands
Globalization
Technology
Human rights
Contemporary global challenges
Modernization and developing nations
The Enduring Issues Essay
Check your knowledge

What Module 6 actually demands

Module 6 covers Key Idea 10.10, the contemporary world: globalization, technology, human rights, and the challenges of an interconnected planet, plus the role of developing nations. It also includes the capstone exam skill, the Enduring Issues Essay. The dominant skills are recognizing interconnectedness, weighing benefits and costs, and arguing an enduring issue across time. The enduring issues here are interconnectedness, innovation and technology, human rights, and the impact of humans on the environment.

This guide ties together the matching dot-point pages, each with its own practice questions: globalization and economic interdependence, technology and the modern world, human rights as a global issue, contemporary global challenges, modernization and the non-aligned world, and the Enduring Issues Essay.

Globalization

Globalization is the growing interconnection and interdependence of the world's economies and cultures, driven by trade, multinational corporations, international organizations (the WTO, IMF, World Bank), and technology. It brings benefits (cheaper goods, growth, development) and costs (job losses, low-wage factories, inequality, environmental strain). It is a single system with winners and losers.

Technology

Technology has transformed the world. The communication and computing revolution (the internet, mobile phones) speeds the spread of ideas and powers globalization. The Green Revolution raised food production with high-yield seeds and fertilizers. Medicine and public health lengthened lives and drove population growth. These bring benefits but also challenges (inequality, environmental harm, misinformation).

Human rights

After World War II the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) set a universal standard. Movements (the civil-rights movement, the anti-apartheid movement, women's movements) advanced rights, but discrimination and abuse continue. Because the struggle recurs and is never fully won, human rights are an enduring issue.

Contemporary global challenges

The interconnected world faces shared, cross-border challenges: environmental change (climate change from fossil fuels and deforestation), terrorism and conflict, and population growth and migration. Because they cross borders, they need international cooperation through the United Nations and global agreements.

Modernization and developing nations

New and developing nations sought to modernize and find their place. Many joined the Non-Aligned Movement (refusing to ally with either superpower). Some became newly industrializing economies (the Asian Tigers, later China and India). All faced a tension between modernization and tradition, balancing development against cultural identity.

The Enduring Issues Essay

The capstone task. Identify and define an enduring issue found in at least three of the five documents, then argue it is significant and has endured (showing how it affected people and continued or changed over time), using document evidence and outside knowledge. Structure: introduction (name and define), body paragraphs (trace across eras with evidence), conclusion. Scored 0 to 5.

Module 6 of the Global II exam covers the contemporary world. Globalization is the growing interconnection of economies through trade, multinational corporations, and international organizations, with benefits (growth, cheaper goods) and costs (job losses, inequality, environmental strain). Technology (the communication revolution, the Green Revolution, and medicine) transformed life and drove population growth, with benefits and challenges. Human rights, set out in the 1948 Universal Declaration and advanced by the civil-rights and anti-apartheid movements, remain an enduring issue because discrimination persists. Contemporary global challenges (climate change, terrorism, population and migration) cross borders and demand international cooperation. Developing nations sought to modernize through the Non-Aligned Movement and as newly industrializing economies, balancing modernization against tradition. The capstone skill is the Enduring Issues Essay: identify and define an issue from at least three of five documents, then argue its significance and endurance using evidence and outside knowledge, scored 0 to 5.

Check your knowledge

A mix of recall and application questions covering Module 6. Attempt them under timed conditions, then check against the solutions.

Define globalization. (2 marks)
Name one international organization that promotes global trade. (1 mark)
Identify one benefit and one cost of globalization. (2 marks)
Explain one benefit and one challenge of the Green Revolution. (2 marks)
Name the 1948 document setting out universal human rights. (1 mark)
Explain why human rights are considered an enduring issue. (2 marks)
Explain why contemporary global challenges require international cooperation. (2 marks)
Explain the tension between modernization and tradition for developing nations. (2 marks)
List the three things a top Enduring Issues Essay must do. (3 marks)

Solutions

Q1: Globalization is the growing interconnection and interdependence of the world's economies, societies, and cultures through trade, multinational corporations, technology, and the movement of goods, money, people, and ideas.
Q2: The World Trade Organization (WTO), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), or the World Bank.
Q3: Benefit: cheaper goods and economic growth (or investment in developing countries). Cost: job losses where work moves overseas (or low-wage factory work and greater inequality).
Q4: Benefit: a great increase in food production, helping feed growing populations. Challenge: the cost of seeds and equipment (favoring larger farmers) and environmental harm from heavy chemical and water use.
Q5: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Q6: The struggle to secure and protect rights against discrimination recurs across many eras (abolition, suffrage, civil rights, anti-apartheid) and is never fully won, so it is a recurring, unsolved problem.
Q7: Because problems like climate change, terrorism, and pandemics cross national borders, no single country can solve them alone; nations must cooperate to share information, set rules, and coordinate action.
Q8: Nations wanted the benefits of modernization (industry, technology, growth) but feared that rapid, often Western-style change would erode their traditional cultures and identity, so they had to balance development against preserving tradition.
Q9: It must (1) identify and define an enduring issue from at least three documents; (2) argue its significance and how it has endured (affecting people and continuing or changing over time); and (3) support the argument with specific document evidence and relevant outside knowledge.

Sources & how we know this

New York State K-12 Social Studies Framework (Grades 9 to 12) — New York State Education Department (2016)
Global History and Geography II — New York State Education Department (2025)