BiologyQ&A by dot point

Describe the major organelles of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and explain how each cell structure corresponds to its function (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C.3).

Use evidence and models to explain the three parts of cell theory and the basic split between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C).

Use a model to describe how cellular respiration releases the chemical energy in glucose as ATP, comparing aerobic respiration with anaerobic respiration and fermentation (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C.2).

Use a model to describe how photosynthesis converts light energy into the chemical energy of glucose, and identify its reactants, products, and site (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C.2).

Use a model of the cell cycle to explain how cell division and differentiation support growth, maintenance, and repair, and how a loss of control leads to cancer (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C.1).

Explain how the selectively permeable cell membrane uses passive and active transport to move substances and maintain homeostasis (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.C.2).

Explain how structural, physiological, and behavioral adaptations suit organisms to their niche, and how the niche concept relates to diversity and competition (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.1 / B.DI).

Describe biodiversity at the genetic and species levels, how it arises from evolution, and how it supports ecosystem stability and benefits humans (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.1).

Describe how organisms are classified into a hierarchy of groups and named with binomial nomenclature, and how classification reflects evolutionary relationships (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.2 / B.DI.1).

Interpret phylogenetic trees and cladograms that show evolutionary relationships based on shared characteristics and molecular evidence (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.2).

Describe the three domains and the major kingdoms of life and the characteristics used to place organisms into them (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.2 / B.DI.1).

Describe how matter cycles through ecosystems in the carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles, and how living processes and human activity move and store it (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2).

Explain ecosystem equilibrium and succession, and describe how human activities (climate change, habitat loss, pollution, invasive species, and extinction) reduce biodiversity (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2 / B.DI.3).

Describe the levels of ecological organization and the biotic and abiotic factors that make up an ecosystem (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2).

Trace the one-way flow of energy through trophic levels in food chains and food webs, using energy pyramids and the ten percent rule (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2).

Explain how limiting factors and carrying capacity shape population growth, and interpret exponential and logistic growth curves (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2).

Describe the interactions between species, including predation, competition, and the three forms of symbiosis (mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism) (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.DI.2).

Describe the lines of evidence for evolution and common ancestry, including the fossil record, comparative anatomy, embryology, biogeography, and molecular (DNA and protein) evidence (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E).

Explain how natural selection acts on heritable variation so that traits affecting survival and reproduction become more or less common in a population (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.1).

Describe patterns of evolution including divergent and convergent evolution, coevolution, adaptive radiation, and the pace of change (gradualism and punctuated equilibrium) (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E).

Use allele and genotype frequencies, and the Hardy-Weinberg model, to describe how a gene pool stays constant or changes over time (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.2).

Explain how reproductive isolation leads to speciation, the formation of new species from an existing population (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.E.2).

Describe applications of biotechnology, including genetic engineering, GMOs, selective breeding, and DNA fingerprinting, and consider their benefits and concerns (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.5).

Use a model to explain how meiosis halves the chromosome number to make gametes and creates genetic variation through crossing over and independent assortment (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.2).

Use Punnett squares and the laws of segregation and dominance to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a monohybrid cross (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.2).

Distinguish patterns of inheritance beyond simple dominance, including incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, and polygenic traits (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.2 and B.H.3).

Interpret a pedigree to follow a trait through generations, and explain sex-linked inheritance using the X and Y chromosomes (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.2).

Explain that genes are segments of DNA located on chromosomes, and distinguish between genes, alleles, genotype, and phenotype (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.1).

Describe the molecular structure of DNA and explain how complementary base pairing allows it to be copied accurately during replication (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.4).

Explain that gene expression is regulated so different cells use different genes, and that traits result from inherited genes interacting with the environment (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.3).

Explain how mutations change the DNA sequence and therefore proteins and traits, and how they can be harmful, neutral, or beneficial (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.4 and B.H.5).

Use models to explain how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins through transcription and translation (Ohio's Learning Standards for Science, Biology, B.H.5).