Earth and Environmental Science study guides

A deep-dive guide to the geologic history unit for the NY Regents: the principles of relative dating for ordering a cross-section, half-life calculations with the Radioactive Decay Data, index fossils and correlation, the geologic time scale and mass extinctions, and reading the Geologic History of New York State chart, with worked half-life and cross-section problems.

A deep-dive guide to the environmental science unit for the NY Regents and the new Earth and Space Sciences exam (ESS3): renewable and non-renewable energy, natural resources and sustainability, human impact on Earth's interconnected systems, the greenhouse effect and climate change, the carbon cycle, and natural hazards, with the cross-system reasoning the new exam rewards.

A deep-dive guide to the lithosphere unit for the NY Regents: how to use the Properties of Common Minerals chart, the Scheme for Igneous Rock Identification and the sedimentary and metamorphic charts, plus reading Earth's interior, plate boundaries and the earthquake travel-time graph, so you earn the Reference Tables marks on every rock, mineral and tectonics question.

A deep-dive guide to the Earth Science Reference Tables (ESRT) for the NY Regents: where everything is, the four page-1 equations (eccentricity, gradient, rate of change, density) with worked layouts, the astronomy data (planets, stars, Earth's rotation), and how to read the key graphs so you earn the Reference Tables marks every administration.

A deep-dive guide to the hydrosphere and meteorology unit for the NY Regents: the water cycle and groundwater, energy transfer in the atmosphere, reading the dewpoint and relative humidity charts, decoding the station model and pressure code, air masses, fronts and pressure systems, and the factors that control climate, with worked chart readings.

A deep-dive guide to the surface processes unit for the NY Regents: the weathering-erosion-deposition sequence, how to read sediment to find the agent, the particle-size versus water-velocity graph, and how to read topographic (contour) maps, including the gradient equation, contour rules and stream flow direction, with worked calculations.